A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

The Islamic foundations of intercommunal relations

The Ottoman experience

The Ottoman Empire in an age of reform : from Sultan Mahmud II to the end of the Tanzimat Era, 1808-1876

The pivotal era of Abdulhamid II, 1876-1909

Coming together, moving apart : Ottoman Muslims, Christians, and Jews at the turn of the century

Epilogue.