Battleground: electoral college strategies, execution, and impact in the modern era

Preface

A new look at presidential campaigns in the modern era

Strategy, time, and presidential campaigning

Wholesale campaigning (1952-1972)

Zero-sum campaigning (1976-2000)

Micro-targeted campaigning (2004-2020)

Tracking electoral strategy over time

Tracking the allocation of resources over time

Putting it all together : resource allocation and vote outcomes

The past, the present, and the future of presidential campaigns

Appendix: Strategy categorization, candidate appearances, and ad spending by state, 1952-2020.