A history of psycholinguistics: the pre-Chomskyan era

Note continued: The Wernicke-Lichtheim model

Diagram makers and making diagrams

Adolf Kussmaul's textbook

One more diagram maker: Jean-Martin Charcot

Some non-localizationist sounds

Retrospect

4. Language acquisition and the diary explosion

Perspectives on language acquisition

Early scholars of language acquisition

Jean Heroard

Dietrich Tiedemann and Moritz von Winterfeld

Berthold Sigismund

Hippolyte Taine and Charles Darwin

Jan Baudouin de Courtenay

Bernard Perez

Fritz Schultze

Ludwig Strumpell

William Preyer

George Romanes

Gabriel Compayre and Gabriel Deville

Frederick Tracy

James Sully

Kathleen Carter Moore

Wilhelm Ament

The community of child language researchers

Issues and controversies in child language

Origins of child language

Sound development

Inner speech development

Ontogenesis recapitulating phylogenesis

Gestures and gesture languages.

Note continued: Charles-Michel de l'Epee and Joseph-Marie Degerando

The demise of Deaf sign language

Retrospect

5. Language in the laboratory and modeling microgenesis

Mental chronometry: Franciscus Donders

Phonetics and Wolfgang von Kempelen's speaking machine

Reading and naming

Hubert von Grashey

James McKeen Cattell

Benno Erdmann and Raymond Dodge

Walter Pillsbury and Oscar Quanz

Edmund Huey

Speech perception and William Bagley

Verbal learning, memory, and habits

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Benjamin Bourdon

Association and analogy

Francis Galton

Martin Trautscholdt

James McKeen Cattell

Joseph Jastrow and Gustav Aschaffenburg

Albert Thumb and Karl Marbe

Speech errors

Rudolf Meringer and Carl Mayer

Heath Bawden

Retrospect

6. Wilhelm Wundt's grand synthesis

A productive life

Wundt's psychology

Experimental and ethnic psychology

Association and apperception

Voluntarism.

Note continued: Expressive movements

Sign language

Types of sign language

Pointing, imitating, and abstract signs

Grammatical categories and sign syntax

No match to spoken languages, but a window on the origins of language

Speech sounds

Evolution of vocal expression

Children's acquisition of sound patterns

Natural sounds

Folk psychology of sound change

Three types of sound change in the individual and in the language community

Contact effects: assimilation and dissimilation

Distance effects: analogy

Regular sound change: Grimm's laws

Words

Word formation in brain and mind

Parts of speech

Meaning change

Formulating sentences

Where do sentences come from?

Varieties of syntax and phrase structure

Sentence prosody

Outer and internal speech form

The origins of language

Wundt's psycholinguistic legacy

Epilogue: turning the century.

Note continued: pt. 3 Twentieth-century psycholinguistics before the "cognitive revolution"

7. New perspectives: Structuralism and the psychology of imageless thought

Emerging structuralism: Taine, Baudouin de Courtenay, and Saussure

Structuralism and the psychology of language: Sechehaye

Parisian structuralism and Henri Delacroix

The psychology of imageless thought: the Wurzburg school

The Buhler-Wundt clash

Otto Selz and Charlotte Buhler on sentence formulation

Otto Selz

Charlotte Buhler

Retrospect

8. Verbal behavior

Heterogeneous behaviorism

Watson and vocalic thought

Speech for social control: Grace de Laguna and John Markey

From Stumpf to Bloomfield

Max Meyer

Albert Paul Weiss

Leonard Bloomfield

Bloomfield's behaviorist heritage: Zellig Harris and Noam Chomsky

Kantor's psycholinguistics

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Mediation theory

Semantic conditioning

Cofer and Foley's analysis.

Note continued: Charles Osgood's theory and measurement of meaning

Hobart Mowrer: the sentence as conditioning device

Retrospect

9. Speech acts and functions

Philip Wegener and Adolf Reinach, the pioneers

Alan Gardiner: the functions of word and sentence

Karl Buhler

From Wurzburg to Vienna

The functions of language

The Organon Model

The two-field theory of reference

The deictic field

The symbol field: a two-class system

The principle of abstractive reference

Lexicon

Syntax

Composition

Case structure

The sound stream

Buhler's axioms

Buhler and the Prague school

Functions and speech acts in retrospect

10. Language acquisition: Wealth of data, dearth of theory

Clara and William Stern

Leading twentieth-century scholars and research teams before the "cognitive revolution"

Michael Vincent O'Shea

Ivan Gheorgov and studies of self-reference

Jules Ronjat and Milivoie Pavlovitch.

Note continued: Scandinavian diary studies: Otto Jespersen

Jacques van Ginneken

Emit Froschels

Jean Piaget

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Elemer Kenyeres

David and Rosa Katz

Yosikazu Ohwaki

Ovide Decroly

The Institutes of Child Welfare

Michael Morris Lewis and his sources

Antoine Gregoire

Roman Jakobson

Aleksandr Gvozdev and Werner Leopold

The growth of vocabulary and utterance complexity

Studies in speech sound development

From first cries to words: Lewis, Buhler, and Hetzer

Physiology, environment, and heredity in early sound formation: Gregoire and van Ginneken

Sound assimilation and children's early words: Rottger's dissertation

Jakobson on universals of phonological development

The Child Welfare Institutes on early sound development

Sound development in Gvozdev's and Leopold's diaries

Language acquisition in bilingual environments

Retrospect: data, theory, and method.

Note continued: 11. Language in the brain: The lures of holism

Joseph Jules Dejerine

Pierre Marie

Pierre Marie's "deconstruction"

The aphasia debate

The aftermath

A German response: Hugo Liepmann

The continuing German tradition

Carl Wernicke

Wernicke's assistants

Constantin von Monakow

A psychological approach to agrammatism: Arnold Pick

Responses to Pick

Karl Kleist

Max Isserlin's adaptation theory

Henry Head: a holist's view on theory in aphasiology

Words as units of speech

Centers and their lesions

Adaptation

Aphasic syndromes

Localization

Methodology

Kurt Goldstein and the single case study

Holism and the organismic approach

General effects of brain damage

Instrumentalities and abstract language

Inner speech

Language functions

Forms of language disturbance

Localization

Epilogue

Roman Jakobson

Theodore Weisenburg and Katherine McBride: aphasia is diverse.

Note continued: Other American contributions

Alexander Romanovich Luria

The systems approach

Data base

The structure of speech activity

Phonemic analysis

Temporal lobe systems

Frontal systems

Parieto-occipital systems

Retrospect

12. Empirical studies of speech and language usage

Perception and production of speech and language

Perceiving consonants and vowels

Harvey Fletcher's approach to intelligibility

Perceiving words: noise and number of alternatives

Skinner's "verbal summator" and response bias

Speech errors

Articulation

Delayed speech

Meaning

Associations

Scaling

Meaningfulness

Content analysis

Phonetic symbolism

Metaphor and physiognomy

Verbal learning and memory: orders of approximation

The statistical approach

The rank-frequency distribution

The number-of-words-frequency distribution: Zipf's law

Zipf's law in associations

Diversity of words in language usage.

Note continued: Yule on the statistics of style

Word frequency and recognition threshold

Word frequency and word association

Transitional probabilities

Individual differences

Linguistic abilities

Projective-clinical

Personality

Reading

Edmund Huey's text

Tachistoscopic studies

Eye-tracking studies

The Stroop paradigm

Retrospect

13.A new cross-linguistic perspective and linguistic relativity

Verticalism

Horizontalism

Arthur Hocart

Franz Boas

Edward Sapir and linguistic relativism

The world view approach and linguistic relativism

Johann Leo Weisgerber

Benjamin Whorf, self-taught linguist

Whorf's "horizontalism"

Whorf on linguistic relativism

Whorf's universalism

Whorf and the public interest

Clear language

Lady Welby-Gregory

Dutch Significa

General Semantics

George Orwell

Some Soviet thoughts

Studies of relativity after Sapir-Whorf.

Note continued: The 1953 Conference on Language in Culture

The codability experiments: Eric Lenneberg and Roger Brown

The coding of facial expressions

Grammatical categories and cognition

Retrospect: John Carroll's verdict

14. Psychology of language during the Third Reich

Language, race, and world view

The 1931 Hamburg Congress of the German Psychological Society

The 1933 Leipzig Congress of the German Psychological Society

The 1933 "restoration" of the universities

William and Clara Stern

Ernst Cassirer

Heinz Werner

Kurt Goldstein and Adhemar Gelb

Wolfgang Kohler

David and Rosa Katz

Max Isserlin

Otto Selz

1933-1938: some further developments

The Austrian Anschlu�

The fate of the Buhlers

Frieda Eisler

Emil Froschels

Roman Jakobson

Nikolaj Trubetskoy

German neurologists in war time

Friedrich Kainz

Retrospect

pt. 4 Psycholinguistics re-established.

Note continued: 15. Psycholinguistics post-war, pre-Chomsky

The 1950 Conference on Speech Communication

The British scene

Some further developments in the study of the brain and language

Soviet Union

Germany

United Kingdom

United States

France and Belgium

Italy

Canada: Wilder Penfield and electrical brain stimulation

Geza Revesz and the Amsterdam symposium on thinking and speaking

Old and new in developmental psycholinguistics

Second-language learning and bilingualism

Experimental studies of language acquisition

The state of general psycholinguistics since 1951.