Islam on the defensive, 1800-
Muhammad Ali's Egypt: Ottoman rival.
The struggle for reform, 1840-1900.
Britain in Egypt, 1882-1914.
The Anglo-French Interregnum, 1918-1939. Partition of the Arab East. The Inter-war years-Egypt; The mandates. Persia/Iran. Oil and the Middle East.
The Second World War and its aftermath. Middle East reactions: Nationalism, Pan-Arabism and Islam.
The entry of the superpowers and the Nasser era, 1950-1970.
The rise of the oil states.
Israel/Palestine and the Lebanese victim.
Islamic reassertion, revolution and war, Iraq's world challenge.
Prospects for the Twenty-first century.
